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Quality Matters: References

  References for Research Literature

This is a list of references which were consulted for the Review of Literature in MATRIX OF REVIEW STANDARDS for the Quality Matters project.

Achtemeier, S. D., Morris, L. V., & Finnegan, C. L. (February 2003). Considerations for developing evaluations of online courses. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 7(1). Retrieved November 6, 2003, from http://www.aln.org/publications/jaln/v7n1/pdf/v7n1_achtemeier.pdf

Alley, L. R. & Jansak, K. E. (2001). The ten keys to quality assurance and assessment in online learning. Journal of Interactive Instruction Development, 13(3), 3-18.

Anderson, T. (October 2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(2).

Anderson, T. (2002). An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. Retrieved March 20, 2003, from http://it.coe.uga.edu/itforum/paper63/paper63.htm

Baker, R. (2003, summer). A framework for design and evaluation of internet-based distance learning courses : Phase one-framework justification, design and evaluation. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 6(2). Retrived December 9, 2003, from http://www.westga.edu/~distnace/ojdla/summer62/baker62.html

Beaudin, B. P. (1999). Keeping online asynchronous discussions on topic. Jounal of Asynchronous Learning Network, 3(2), 41-53. Available at http://www.aln.org/alnweb/journal/jaln-vol3issue2.htm

Belanish, J., Wisher, R., and Orvis, K. (2004). A Question-Collaboration Approach to Web-Based Learning. American Journal of Distance Education, 18(3), 169-18..

Bloom B., ed. (1956). Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain. New York: McKay, 1956

Brookfield, S. D. (1997). Assessing critical thinking. In A. Rose & M. Leahy (Ed.), Assessing adult learning in diverse settings: Current issues and approaches, (pp. 17-29). New directions for adult and continuing education, 75, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Brown, A. R. & Voltz, B. D. (2005). Elements of effective e-learning design. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning,6(1). Retrieved April 21, 2005, from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v6.1/brown_voltz.html

Bruning, K. (May 2005). The Role of Critical Thinking in the Online Learning Environment. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 2(5). Retrieved May 20, 2005 from: http://www.itdl.org/Journal/May_05/article03.htm.

Chang, S. L. (2003). What types of online facilitation do students need? ERIC ED470183 from Annual Proceedings of Selected Research and Development: Practice Papers presented at the National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (Atlanta, GA, November, 2001) Retrieved November 21, 2003 from http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2/content_storage_01/0000000b/80/27/b5/66.pdf

Conrad, D. (2002). Engagement, Excitement, Anxiety and Fear: Learners' Experiences of Starting an Online Course. American Journal of Distance Education, 16(4), 205-226.

Coombs, N. & Banks, R. (2000). Distance learning and students with disabilities: Easy tips for teachers Paper presented at Technology and Persons with Disabilities: Where Assistive Technology Meets the Information Age. Retrieved May 3, 2002, from http://www.csun.edu/cod/conf2000/proceedings/0119Coombs.html

Duffy, T., and del Valle, R. (2005). LTTS: A course management system for online inquiry learning. Presentation at the 21st Annual Conference on Distance Teaching & Learning, Madison, WI. Retrieved September 28, 2005 from: http://www.uwex.edu/disted/conference/Resource_library/handouts/05_1805P.pdf

Deubel, P. (2003). Learning from reflections - Issues in building quality online courses. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 4(3). Retrieved November 17, 2003, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/fall63/deubel63.htm

Edmonds, C. D. (2004). Providing access to students with disabilities in online distance education: Legal and technical concerns for higher education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 51-62.

Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., Swan, K., and Shea, P. (2000). Student satisfaction and perceived learning with on-line courses: principles and examples from the SUNY learning network. In Bourne, J. (Ed.), On-Line Education, Volume 1: Learning Effectiveness and Faculty Satisfaction. (pp.7-36). Nashville, TN: Center for Asynchronous Learning Networks.

Gagné, B., Briggs, L. & Wager, W. (1992). Principles of instructional design (4th ed.). NY: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23.

Garrison, D. R. & Cleveland-Innes, M. (2005). Facilitating cognitive presence in online learning: Interaction is not enough. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 133-148.

Garrison, D. R. & Anderson, T. (2003). E-Learning in the 21st century: A framework for research and practice. London: Routledge Falmer.

Gunawardena, C. & Zittle, F. (1997). Social Presence as a Predictor of Satisfaction within a Computer-Mediated Conferencing Environment. American Journal of Distance Education, 11(3), 8-26.

Gunawardena, C., Lowe, C, & Anderson, T. (1998). Transcript analysis of computer-mediated conferences as a tool for testing constructivist and social-constructivist learning theories. In: Distance Learning '98. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Distance Teaching & Learning (14th, Madison, WI, August 5-7, 1998). ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED422854.

Hannafin, M., Hill, J. R., Oliver, K., Glazer, E. & Sharma, P. (2003). Cognitive and learning factors in web-based distance learning environments. In M. Moore & W. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook for Distance Education. (pp. 245-260). Mahwah, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Hannon, P.A., Umble, K.E., Alexander, L., Francisco, D., Steckler, A., Tudor, B., et al. (2002). Gagne and Laurillard's models of instruction applied to distance education: A theoretically driven evaluation of an online curriculum in public health. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 3(2). Retrieved December 9, 2002, from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v3.2/hannon.html

Hislop, G. (2000). Working professionals as part-time on-line learners. In Bourne, J. (Ed.), On-Line Education, Volume 1: Learning Effectiveness and Faculty Satisfaction. (pp.71-84). Nashville, TN: Center for Asynchronous Learning Networks.

Huitt, W. (2000). Bloom et al.'s taxonomy of cognitive domain. Retireved November 20, 2005 from http://chiron.valdosta.edu/whuitt/col/cogsys/bloom.html

Inglis, A. (2005). Quality improvement, quality assurance, and benchmarking: Comparing two frameworks for managing quality processes in open and distance learning. The International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning,6(1), Retrieved November 22, 2005, from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v6.1/inglis.html

Janicki and Liegle (2001). Development and evaluation of a framework for creating web-based learning modules: a pedagogical and systems perspective. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 5(1). Retrieved May 3, 2005 from http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v5n1/v5n1_janicki.asp

Jeong, A. C. (2003). The sequential analysis of group interaction and critical thinking in online threaded discussions. The American Journal of Distance Education, 17(1), 25-43.

Jensen, Self, & Rhymer (2002). A rocky journey toward effective assessment of visualization modules for learning enhancement in engineering mechanics. Educational Technology & Society, 5(3). Retrieved November 18, 2005, from http://www.ifets.info/jounrlas/5_3/jensen.html

Jiang, M., and Ting, E. (2000). A study of factors influencing students' perceived learning in a web-based course environment. International Journal of Educational Telecommunications, 6(4), 317-338.

Johnson. D. (2004). A planning and assessment model for developing effective DMS support. Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 7(1). Available at http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring71/johnson71.html

Jonassen, D., Davidson, M., Collins, M., & Haag, B. (1995). Constructivism and computer-mediated communication in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 9(2), 7-26.

Kanuka, Collett, & Caswell (2002). University instructor perceptions of the use of asynchronous text-based discussion in distance courses. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16 (3), 151-168.

Kinash, S., Crichton, S., & Kim-Rupnow, W. S. (2004). A review of 2000-2003 literature at the intersection of online learning and disability. The American Journal of Distance Education, 18(1), 5-19.

Koszalka, T. A. & Ganesan, R. (2004). Designing online courses: A taxonomy to guide strategic use of features available in course management systems (CMS) in distance education. Distance Education, 25(2), 243-256.

Kramarae, C. (2003). Gender equity online, when there is no door to knock on. In M. Moore & W. Anderson (Eds.), Handbook for Distance Education. (pp. 261-272). Mahwah, NJ; Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Krauth, B. and Carbajal, J. (1999). Guide to developing online student services. Retrieved May 3, 2005 from http://www.wiche.edu/telecom/resources/publications/guide/guide.htm.

Lewis, B. A. (2002). Learning effectiveness: Efficacy of quizzes vs. discussions in on-line learning. Dissertation International Abstracts, 63(03), 911A.

Liu, Y. & Ginther, D. (1999). Cognitive styles and distance education. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 2 (3). Retrieved from the World Wide Web Nov. 26, 2002: http://www.westga.edu/~distance/liu23.html

Ludwig-Hardman, S., and Dunlap, J. (2003). Learner Support Services for Online Students: Scaffolding for Success. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(1). Retrieved May 3, 2005 from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v4.1/dunlap.html.

Lux, J.R., & Davidson, B. D. (2003). Guidelines for the development of computer-based instruction modules for science and engineering. Educational Technology & Society, 6(4), 125-133. Available at http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/6_4/12.pdf

Macdonald, J. & Twining, P. (2002). Assessing activity-based learning for a networked course. British Journal of Educational Technology 33(5), 603-618

Mager, R. (1962). Preparing Instructional Objectives. Palo Alto, CA: Fearon Publishers, Inc.

Mager, R. (1975). Preparing Instructional Objectives: Second Edition. Belmont, CA: Fearon-Pitman Publishers, Inc.

Malopinsky, L., Kirkley, J. R., Duffy, T. (2002). Building Performance Support Systems to Assist preK-12 Teachers in Designing Online, Inquiry-Based Professional Development Instruction. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of American Educational Research Association, New Orleans, LA.

May, S. (1993). Collaborative learning: More is not necessarily better. American Journal of Distance Education, 7 (3), 39-49.

McIsaac, M., Blocher, J., Mahes, V., & Vrasidas, C. (1999). Student and teacher perceptions of interaction in online computer-mediated communication. Educational Media International, 36(2), 121-132.

McVay Lynch, M. (1998). Constructivism in instructional design for distance education. Retrieved July 16, 2001, from Portland State University, Computing Resources Web site: http://web.pdx.edu/~mmlynch/constructivist.html

Miller, M. D., Rainer, R. K. & Coley, J. K. (2003). Predictors of engagement and participation in an on-line course. The Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 6(1). Retrieved November 20, 2005, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/spring61/miller61.htm

Moore, M. G. & Kearsley, G. Distance education: A systems view (2nd ed). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth.

Muirhead, B. (2000). Enhancing Social Interaction in Computer-Mediated Distance Education. Educational Technology & Society, 3 (4) [Online]. Retrieved December 20, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_4_2000/discuss_august2000.pdf

Muirhead, B. (200?). Practical strategies for teaching computer-mediated classes. US Distance Learning Association Journal, 15 (5). Retrieved November 8, 2003 from http://www.usdla.org/html/journal/May01_Issue/article02.html

Murphy, K., Mahoney, S. & Harvell, T. (2000). Role of Contracts in Enhancing Community Building in Web Courses. Educational Technology & Society, 3 (3) [Electronic version]. Retrieved December 20, 2002 from http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_3_2000/e03.pdf

Neuhauser, C. (2002). Learning style and effectiveness of online and face-to-face instruction. American Journal of Distance Education, 16(2), 99-113.

Nakos, G., Deis, M., and Jourdan, L. (2002). Students' perceptions of on-line courses: An exploratory study. The Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 3(1). Retrieved May 3, 2005 from http://tojde.anadolu.edu.tr/tojde5/articles/louis_txt.htm.

Nicol, D., Littlejohn, A., and Grierson, H. (2005). The importance of structuring information and resources within shared workspaces during collaborative design learning. Open Learning, 20(1), 31-49.

Nielsen, J. (2000). Designing accessibility: the pragmatic approach. JakobNielsen's Alertbox. Retrieved November 22, 2005, from http://www.useit.com/alertbox/990613.html

Pawan, F., Paulus, T. M., Yalcin, S., & Chang. C. (2003). Online learning: Patterns of engagement and interaction among in-service teachers. Language Learning and Technology, 7(3), 119-140.

Perrin, K. M.& Mayhew, D.(2002, Winter). The reality of designing and implementing an Internet-based course. Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 3 (4).

Phipps, R. & Merisotis, J. (2000, April). Quality on the line: Benchmarks for success in Internet-based distance education. Report from The Institute for Higher Education Policy, Washington, D.C. Retrieved September 2000, from http://www.ihep.com/Pubs/PDF/Quality.pdf

Poscente, K. R. & Fahy, P. J. (2003). Investigating triggers in CMC text transcripts. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 4(2). Retrieved April 21, 2005, from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v4.2/poscente_fahy.html

Ragoonaden, K. & Bordeleau, P. (2000). Collaborative Learning via the Internet. Educational Technology & Society, 3 (3) [Online]. Retrieved 12/20/2002 from the World Wide Web: http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_3_2000/d11.pdf

Richardson, J., and Swan, K. (2001). An examination of social presence in online learning: students' perceived learning and satisfaction. Seattle, WA: Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 2001.

Roblyer, M. D. &. Ekhaml, L. (2000, Spring). How interactive are YOUR distance courses? A rubric for assessing interaction in distance learning. Online Journal of Distance Education Administration, 3(2). Retrieved October 25, 2000, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/roblyer32.html.

Roblyer, M. D. & Wiencke, W. R. (2003). Design and use of a rubric to assess and encourage interactive qualities in distance courses. The American Journal of Distance Education, 17(2), 77-98.

Rogers, J. (2000). Communities of Practice: A framework for fostering coherence in virtual learning communities. Educational Technology & Society, 3 (3) [Online]. Retrieved 12/20/2002 from the World Wide Web: http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/vol_3_2000/e01.pdf

Rourke, L., Anderson, T., Garrison, D. R. & Archer,W. (2001). Assessing Social Presence in Asynchronous Text-based Computer Conferencing. Journal of Distance Education, 14(2), 50-71. Retrieved December 20, 2002 from the World Wide Web: http://cade.athabascau.ca/vol14.2/rourke_et_al.html

Rowland, C., Burgstahler, S., Smith, J., & Coombs, N. (2004). Issues in accessing distance education technologies for individuals with disabilities. White paper for National Summit on Disability & Distance Education, Washington, DC, May 11-12. Retrieved November 22, 2005 from http://www.ncdae.org/activities/papers/technology.htm

Saba, F. (2005). Critical issues in distance education: A report from the United States. Distance Education, 26(2), 255-272.

Schwartz, L. M. (2004). XXXII: Using internet audio to enhance online accessibility. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(2). Retrieved April 21, 2005 from http://www.irrodl.org/content/v5.2/technote2.html

Sener, J. (2001). Bringing ALN into the mainstream: NVCC case studies. In Bourne, J., and Moore, J. (Eds.), On-Line Education, Volume 2: Learning Effectiveness, Faculty Satisfaction, and Cost Effectiveness. (pp.7-29). Needham, MA: Sloan Center for OnLine Education.

Shattuck, K. 2002. Speaking personally-with Betsy A. Zaborowski. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16(4), 259-263.

Shattuck, K. (2005). Glimpses of the global coral gardens: Insights of international adult learners on the interactions of cultures in online distance education. (Doctoral dissertation, The Pennsylvania State University, 2005).

Shea, P., Fredericksen, E., Pickett, A., Pelz, W., and Swan, K.. (2001). Measures of learning effectiveness in the SUNY learning network. In Bourne, J., and Moore, J. (Eds.), On-Line Education, Volume 2: Learning Effectiveness, Faculty Satisfaction, and Cost Effectiveness. (pp.31-54). Needham, MA: Sloan Center for OnLine Education.

Shea, P., Swan, K., Fredericksen, E., and Pickett, A. (2002). Student satisfaction and reported learning in the SUNY learning network. In Bourne, J., and Moore, J. (Eds.), Elements of Quality Online Education. (pp.145-56). Needham, MA: Sloan Center for OnLine Education.

Shin, N. (2001) Shin, N. (2001). Beyond interaction: transactional presence and distance learning Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Pennsylvania State University.

Shin, N. (2002). Beyond interaction: the relational construct of ‘Transactional Presence.' Open Learning, 17(2), 121-137.

Sims, R. (2003). Promises of interactivity: Aligning learner perceptions and expectations with strategies for flexible and online learning. Distance Education, 24(1), 87-103.

Sims, R., Dobbs, G., & Hand, T. (2002). Enhancing quality in online learning: Scaffolding planning and design through proactive evaluation. Distance Education, 23(2), 135-148.

Shiratuddin N., Hassan, S., Landoni, M. (2003). A usability study for promoting eContent in higher education. Educational Technology & Society, 6(4), 112-124. Available at http://ifets.ieee.org/periodical/6_4/11.pdf

Sonwalkar, N. (2001, December). The sharp edge of the cube: Pedagogically driven instructional design for online education. Syllabus. Retrieved June 13, 2002, from http://www.syllabus.com/syllabusmagazine/article.asp?id=5858

Spallek, H., Berthold, P, Shanley, D. B., & Attstrom, R. (2000). Distance education for dentists: Improving the quality of online instruction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 14(2), 49-59.

Stewart, I., Hong, E., & Strudler, N. (2004). Development and validation of an instrument for student evaluation of the quality of web-based instruction. The American Journal of Distance Education, 18(3), 131-150.

Swan, K. (2001). Virtual interactivity: design factors affecting student satisfaction and perceived learning in asynchronous online courses. Distance Education, 22, (2), 306-331. (R)

Swan, K., (2003). Learning effectiveness: what the research tells us. In Bourne, J., and Moore, J. (Eds.), Elements of Quality Online Education: Practice and Direction. (pp.13-46). Needham, MA: Sloan-C.

Swan, K., Shea, P., Fredericksen, E.E., Pickett, A.M. & Pelz, W.E. (2000). Course Design Factors Influencing the Success of Online Learning. Retrieved June 13, 2003, from www.ericit.org/fulltext/IR020523.pdf

Thurmond, V., Wambach, K., Connors, H., and Frey, B. (2002). Evaluation of student satisfaction: determining the impact of a web-based environment by controlling for student characteristics. The American Journal of Distance Education, 16 (3), 169-89.

Trigano, P. C. & Pacurar-Giacomino, E. (2004). Toward a web based environment for evaluation and design of pedagogical hypermedia. Educational Technology & Society, 7(3), 21-37.

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Vandergrift, K. (2002, July). The anatomy of a distance education course: a case study analysis, Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 6 (1). Retrieved October 15, 2002, from http://www.aln.org/publications/jaln/v6n1/v6n1_vandergrift.asp

Visser, L. & Visser, Y. L. (2000). Perceived and actual student support needs in distance education. The Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 1 (2), 109-117.

Vrasidas, C. & McIsaac, M. S. (1999). Factors influencing interaction in an online course. The American Journal of Distance Education, 13 (3), 2-35.

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Williams, P. E. (2000). Defining distance education roles and competencies for higher education institutions: A computer-mediated delphi study [Electronic Version] (Doctoral Dissertation, Texas A & M, 2000) Dissertation Abstracts International (UMI No. AAT9969029).

Winegar, M. L. (2000). An exploration of seven principles for good practice in Web-based courses. Dissertation Abstracts International. 2674 (7), 61A. (UMI No. AAT9978858).

Wisher, R. A., Curnow, C. K., & Seidel, R.,J. (2001). Knowledge retention as a latent outcome measure in distance learning. The American Journal of Distance Education, 15(3), 20-35.

Wu, D., & and Hiltz, S. (2004). Predicting learning from asynchronous online discussions. Journal of Asynchronous Learning Networks, 8(2). Retrieved May 3, 2005 from http://www.sloan-c.org/publications/jaln/v8n2/v8n2_wu.asp.

Yeung, D. (2002 ,summer). Toward and effective quality assurance model of web-based learning: The perspective of academic staff. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 5 (2). Retrieved March 19, 2003, from http://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer52/yeung52.htm

Youngblood, P., Trede, F., & DeCorpo, S. (2001). Facilitating online learning: A descriptive study. Distance Education, 22(2), 264-284.

Zhang, D. (2005). Interactive multimedia-based e-learning: A study of effectiveness. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(3), 149-162.

Appendix 2. Standards Sets Referenced to QM Rubric Specific Review Standards

American Council on Education (ACE) Distance Learning Principles

No longer available online, but available from ACE in book form - see http://www.acenet.edu/bookstore/pubInfo.cfm?pubID=110, retrieved May 20, 2005.)

The ACE Distance Learning Principles are very broad statements of five principles; each of which is detailed by a set of "sub-principles." Principles in three areas, Learning Design (LD), Learning Outcomes (LO), and Technology (T), are referenced to the QM rubric.
Example reference: ACE LD 6 = Learning Design Principle, Sub-principle 6 ("Learning outcomes address both content mastery and increased learning skills.")


American Distance Education Consortium (ADEC) Guiding Principles for Distance Learning
(http://www.adec.edu/admin/papers/distance-learning_principles.html). Four very broadly worded statements comprise the ADEC Guiding Principles for Distance Learning. The first principle, "Design for active and effective learning," is referenced to the QM rubric.
Example reference: ADEC Principle 1


NEA/IHEP Quality Benchmarks
as found in the report "Quality On the Line: Benchmarks for Success in Internet-Based Distance Education" http://www.ihep.org/Pubs/PDF/Quality.pdf. This report contains a set of 24 quality benchmarks related to various areas of providing quality online education. Several Course Development Benchmarks (CDB), Teaching/Learning Benchmarks (T/LB), and Course Structure Benchmarks (CSB) are referenced to the QM rubric.
Example reference: NEA/IHEP T/LB 2 = the second Teaching/Learning Benchmark listed ("Feedback to student assignments and questions is constructive and provided in a timely manner.")


Southern Regional Educational Board (SREB) Electronic Campus Principles of Good Practice (PGP) (http://www.electroniccampus.org/student/srecinfo/publications/principles.asp) Broad set of principles adopted from ones originally developed by WICHE. Principles related to Curriculum and Instruction (CI), Resources for Learning (RL), and Evaluation and Assessment (EA) are referenced to the QM rubric.
Example reference: SREB PGP RL 1 = the first Resources for Learning principle listed ("The program or course ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students.")

() Broad set of principles adopted from ones originally developed by WICHE. Principles related to Curriculum and Instruction (CI), Resources for Learning (RL), and Evaluation and Assessment (EA) are referenced to the QM rubric.: SREB PGP RL 1 = the first Resources for Learning principle listed ("The program or course ensures that appropriate learning resources are available to students.")


SREB Criteria for Evaluating Online Courses
(http://www.evalutech.sreb.org/criteria/online.asp). SREB also has a list of criteria for evaluating online courses. Although geared to the K-12 environment, many of the criteria related to Teaching Site (TS), Student Site (SS), Course Content (CC), and Teacher Interaction (TI) are relevant to higher education online courses and thus referenced to the QM rubric.
Example reference: SREB CEOC CC = one or more criteria related to Course Content (e.g., "Assignments are clear and understandable to the student [...].")


Western Interstate Commission on Higher Education (WICHE) Best Practices for Electronically Offered Degree and Certificate Programs
(download at http://www.wiche.edu/Telecom/Article1.htm)
Also adapted by the Middle States Commission (MSC). Two components (Component 2e and 5f) are referenced to the QM rubric.
Example reference: WICHE/MSC 2e

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